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Solanum carolinense
''Solanum carolinense'', the Carolina horsenettle, is not a true nettle, but a member of the Solanaceae, or nightshade family. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, native to the southeastern United States that has spread widely throughout much of temperate North America.〔(Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map )〕 It has also been found in parts of Europe, Asia, and Australia.〔EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION, ЕВРОПЕЙСКАЯ И СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО КАРАНТИНУ И ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ, ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES, ''Solanum carolinense''〕〔(Flora Italiana, Morella della Carolina, ''Solanum carolinense'' L. )〕 The stem and undersides of larger leaf veins are covered with spines.
"Horsenettle" is also written "horse nettle" or "horse-nettle", though USDA publications usually use the one-word form. Though there are other horsenettle nightshades, ''S. carolinense'' is the species most commonly called ''"the'' horsenettle". Other common names include radical weed, sand brier or briar, bull nettle, tread-softly, apple of Sodom, devil's tomato and wild tomato.
==Description==
Leaves are alternate, elliptic-oblong to oval, long, and each is irregularly lobed or coarsely toothed. Both surfaces are covered with fine hairs. Leaves smell like potatoes when crushed. The flowers have five petals and are usually white or purple with yellow centers, though there is a blue variant that resembles the tomato flower. The fruits also resemble tomatoes. The immature fruit is dark green with light green stripes, turning yellow and wrinkled as it matures. Each fruit contains around 60 seeds. It flowers throughout the summer, from April to October. The plant grows to tall, is perennial, and spreads by both seeds and underground rhizome. Stems of older plants are woody.
All parts of the plant are poisonous to varying degrees due to the presence of solanine which is a toxic alkaloid and one of the plant's natural defenses. While ingesting any part of the plant can cause fever, headache, scratchy throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, ingesting the fruit can cause abdominal pain, circulatory and respiratory depression, or even death.〔 : (Nettle'' ). Retrieved 2013-JUN-25.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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